摘要：

城市軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通(tong)(tong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主要包括：地(di)鐵(tie)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、輕軌(gui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、單軌(gui)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、有軌(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)車、磁浮系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、自動(dong)(dong)導向(xiang)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、市域快速軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。他們(men)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一般直(zhi)接來(lai)自所在城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，城市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)通(tong)(tong)過輸(shu)配變等過程，向(xiang)地(di)鐵(tie)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中各用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備提供(gong)(gong)合適電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。而根(gen)據用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性質的(de)(de)不(bu)同，地(di)鐵(tie)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主要分為兩個，一個是牽引(yin)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)另一個是動(dong)(dong)力照明供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

一、城市軌道交通系統主要負載特點：

地鐵系統(tong)用(yong)電環境中(zhong)的諧波(bo)主(zhu)要來源(yuan)(yuan)于車輛牽(qian)引設備供電過程中(zhong)的整流、逆變裝置，其(qi)次是直流電源(yuan)(yuan)成套裝置、照(zhao)明、電梯(ti)、顯示屏、空調、排水等(deng)，系統(tong)中(zhong)出(chu)現的諧波(bo)主(zhu)要以5、7、11、13次為主(zhu)，也(ye)含有一定(ding)含量(liang)的3次諧波(bo)。

系統中存在的(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)波除(chu)了增(zeng)加(jia)線路損耗，加(jia)快(kuai)設(she)備(bei)老化(hua)外，對于系統中的(de)(de)電容(rong)器(qi)等(deng)無功(gong)補償裝置都(dou)有較大的(de)(de)損害。對通信設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)信號(hao)產生(sheng)電磁干(gan)擾(rao)，特定頻次的(de)(de)諧(xie)(xie)波還會經(jing)由系統中的(de)(de)電容(rong)器(qi)等(deng)裝置放(fang)大產生(sheng)諧(xie)(xie)振，進而(er)對整個供(gong)電系統產生(sheng)巨大破壞。

二、城市軌道交通系統諧波與無功治理的必要性：

城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通對(dui)(dui)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統有(you)著嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，尤(you)其是地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統。其對(dui)(dui)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)(xing)要(yao)求非(fei)常高，如果(guo)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)(xing)不足易造(zao)成重大的(de)(de)(de)影響。因(yin)此(ci)，我們需要(yao)對(dui)(dui)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)等城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)交通做電(dian)(dian)(dian)能質(zhi)(zhi)量治理。在這(zhe)里，諧波是威脅地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)誘因(yin)，同(tong)時，因(yin)為(wei)功率因(yin)數(shu)過(guo)低導致的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)也是現實中(zhong)不可忽(hu)視的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)環，城(cheng)市(shi)軌道(dao)地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)(de)(de)功率因(yin)數(shu)主(zhu)要(yao)由牽引負(fu)(fu)荷(he)和動(dong)(dong)力照明(ming)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)決定。對(dui)(dui)于動(dong)(dong)力照明(ming)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)，主(zhu)要(yao)產生感性(xing)(xing)無功，大部(bu)分功率因(yin)數(shu)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較低，一(yi)般在0.78左(zuo)右。地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)0.4KV系統功率因(yin)數(shu)低，這(zhe)會(hui)導致地(di)鐵(tie)(tie)內部(bu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)損耗增(zeng)加、降低變送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)(de)(de)有(you)功輸(shu)出容(rong)量，易遭受(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)罰款。

諧波污染造成的危害(hai)有：

1.諧波會導致(zhi)電網的功率損耗增加(jia)、設備壽命(ming)縮短、接地保護功能失(shi)常、遙控(kong)功能失(shi)常、線路和設備過熱(re)等(deng)電能安全問題；

2.長期(qi)處于高諧波的(de)環(huan)境還(huan)會使電網產生諧振(zhen)、造成(cheng)大規模的(de)供電中斷從而(er)造成(cheng)較大事故；

3.諧波會導致系統中的(de)設(she)備和元件產生額外的(de)附(fu)加(jia)損耗，從而(er)引起變壓器、電纜、電機等設(she)備發熱，使設(she)備線路加(jia)速絕緣老化；

4.造(zao)成電子元件的繼電保護或自動(dong)裝置(zhi)誤(wu)動(dong)作；

5.影(ying)響(xiang)電子儀表和通信系統的正常工作，降低通信質量。

無(wu)功造成的危害(hai)有(you)：

功率因數過低會(hui)導致城市軌道交通系(xi)統的運(yun)維成本的提升，同時也會(hui)使(shi)配電系(xi)統的有效容(rong)量(liang)下降，減少設(she)備的使(shi)用壽命。

1.諧(xie)波問題：

地鐵(tie)諧波問題是地鐵(tie)電能質量環(huan)境的一(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)因素(su)，地鐵(tie)諧波主要(yao)(yao)為變頻(pin)設(she)備，UPS/ESE、扶梯、綜合監控(kong)、照明系(xi)統(tong)、門禁系(xi)統(tong)及其他弱電設(she)備。

對此，我們提出的解決方案(an)時依據(ju)實際情(qing)況(kuang)，配置相應的有源濾波(bo)(bo)器APF設備進行有源濾波(bo)(bo)，減少諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)含量，降低諧(xie)波(bo)(bo)畸(ji)變率。

我司的APF產品如下圖所示，具有(you)諧波補(bu)償、功(gong)率因數補(bu)償和三相不(bu)平衡補(bu)償等(deng)多種補(bu)償功(gong)能(neng)，能(neng)同時(shi)濾除三相四線制配電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)中(zhong)2次(ci)到50次(ci)各次(ci)諧波，同時(shi)改善電(dian)(dian)網(wang)功(gong)率因數，是治理(li)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)問題完美解決方案。

2.無功補償：

地鐵的(de)隧道內需要安裝大(da)量大(da)功率設備，這些電(dian)(dian)氣設備容(rong)量比較(jiao)大(da)，且(qie)工作連續性(xing)強，易(yi)對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)造成(cheng)大(da)量沖擊性(xing)負(fu)荷(he)，產生(sheng)大(da)量無功功率，使配電(dian)(dian)系統有效容(rong)量下(xia)降。

對于(yu)無功問題，我們(men)有兩種解決方法：

一種是通過(guo)LC系列產(chan)品（電(dian)容電(dian)抗補償柜）進行補償，改善(shan)電(dian)網供電(dian)質量(liang)及提高用(yong)(yong)電(dian)的可靠性(xing)，安裝方便(bian)，占用(yong)(yong)面積(ji)小，節省空間。

 另(ling)一種(zhong)方(fang)法是使用靜止無功發生(sheng)器（SVG），該方(fang)法可(ke)以實時(shi)補償，無過(guo)補、欠(qian)補現象(xiang)，且(qie)容性(xing)無功、感(gan)性(xing)無功都能實現補償。

長春軌(gui)道(dao)交通6號線

無(wu)錫地(di)鐵(tie)2號線

太原地(di)鐵2號線